
Researchers
hacked into a building control panel showing the layout of water pipes
in Google’s third floor at its Australia headquarters. Image: Courtesy of Cylance
Read enough stories about security vulnerabilities in industrial control systems and the statistics in them start to blur.
Tens of thousands of
control systems connected to the internet, dozens of
hardcoded passwords that can’t be changed, untold numbers of
backdoors embedded in systems by vendors
that hackers can use to remotely control them — these are just a
sampling of the problems uncovered by researchers in the last three
years.
But statistics like these come into sharp focus when a company like Google is in the crosshairs.
Two security researchers recently found that they could easily hack the building management system for the corporate giant’s
Wharf 7 headquarters overlooking the water in the Pyrmont section of Sydney, Australia.
Google Australia uses a building management system that’s built on
the Tridium Niagara AX platform, a platform that has been shown to have
serious security vulnerabilities. Although Tridium has released a patch
for the system, Google’s control system was not patched, which allowed
the researchers to obtain the administrative password for it
(“anyonesguess”) and access control panels.
The panels showed buttons marked “active overrides,” “active alarms,”
“alarm console,” “LAN Diagram,” “schedule,” and a button marked “BMS
key” for Building Management System key.
There was also a button marked “AfterHours Button” with a hammer on it.
The researchers did not test the buttons or disrupt the system, which
was running off of a DSL line, but reported the issue to Google.
“We didn’t want to exercise any of the management functionality on
the device itself. It’s pretty fragile, and we don’t want to take that
thing down,” said Billy Rios, a researcher with security firm
Cylance, who worked on the project with colleague Terry McCorkle.

Among the data they accessed was a control panel showing blueprints
of the floor and roof plans, as well as a clear view of water pipes
snaked throughout the building and notations indicating the temperature
of water in the pipes and the location of a kitchen leak.
On top of all of this was the accessibility they got due to the unpatched vulnerabilities.
“From that point we could have actually installed a rootkit,” said
McCorkle, who first uncovered the Google system online. “We could have
taken over the operating system and accessed any other control systems
that are on the same network as that one. We didn’t do that because that
wasn’t the intent…. But that would be the normal path if an attacker
was actually looking to do that.”
A Google spokesman confirmed the breach and said the company has
since disconnected the control system from the internet. Despite the
“alarm” buttons on the control panel and the blueprint showing the water
pipes, he said the system the researchers accessed can control only
heating and air conditioning in the building. A report about the
incident produced by staff in Australia, which Google did not show
Wired, indicated that the system could not be used to control
electricity, elevators, door access or any other building automation,
the spokesman said.
Asked if there were any other control systems on the same network, he
said the system was on a dedicated line, and that it was not connected
to the corporate network or any other automation systems.
“We’re grateful when researchers report their findings to us,” the
spokesman told Wired. “We took appropriate action to resolve this
issue.”
Google’s building management system appears to have been set up by a
third-party integrator company. Rios and McCorkle say the Google case is
a classic example of what many companies face when integrators set up
systems on their behalf and
connect them to the internet to remotely manage them or configure them insecurely and fail to install patches for the control systems.
The two Cylance researchers have found numerous vulnerabilities in
the Tridium Niagara AX system and other industrial control systems in
the last two years. In January, they
demonstrated a zero-day attack on the system
that exploited a remote, pre-authenticated vulnerability that, combined
with a privilege-escalation bug they found, could give them root on the
system’s platform.
The vulnerability allows them to remotely access the system’s
config.bog file, which holds all of the system’s configuration data as
well as usernames and passwords for logging in to operator accounts and
controlling the systems managed by them. It also allows them to
overwrite files on the device to get them root access on what Tridium
calls its SoftJACE system — basically a Windows system with a Java
virtual machine and the Tridium client software running on it.
Using the unpatched vulnerability in the control system for Google’s
office building, the researchers downloaded the config file containing
several usernames and passwords for Google Australia employees to manage
the system. Although the passwords were encoded, Rios and McCorkle
wrote a custom tool to decode them and obtain the administrator’s
password, “anyonesguess.” They did not overwrite the device files,
however, or try to gain root on it. Instead, they reported the problem
to Google.

Tridium’s Niagara Framework is the platform for millions of control systems worldwide.
It’s used widely by the military, hospitals and others to control
electronic door locks, lighting systems, elevators, electricity and
boiler systems, video surveillance cameras, alarms and other critical
building facilities.
But in a
Washington Post story last year, the company said it believed attacks on its systems were
unlikely because the systems were obscure and hackers didn’t traditionally target such systems.
Such systems normally would be protected if they were not connected
to the internet or to other systems that are connected to the internet,
but Rios and McCorkle have found more than 25,000 Tridium systems
connected to the internet.
Tridium’s own product documentation for the system touts the fact that it’s ideal for remote management over the internet.
McCorkle and colleagues found the Google system on a spreadsheet they
created that lists all of the Tridium-based control systems they’ve
found on the internet using the Shodan search engine, which maps devices
like these that are connected to the internet.
One of the systems on the list had Google in the name. Curious, the
researchers went online to explore what it might be and found themselves
looking at the login page for the control system for “GoogleWharf7.” A
Google search identified this as
Google’s headquarters in Australia.

Tridium’s website provides information on some of its customers through a number of published case studies. These indicate that
the systems are used at a government office complex in Chicago that
houses a number of federal agencies, including the FBI, the Drug Enforcement Agency, the U.S. Marshals Service, the IRS and the Passport Office.
The systems are also used in a British Army training facility, at
Boeing’s manufacturing facilities in Renton, Washington, at the Changi
airport in Singapore, the Four Points Sheraton hotel in Sydney,
Australia, among other facilities around the world.
Even though Tridium has released a patch for the vulnerability that
the researchers exploited on the Google system, McCorkle says that a
good percentage of the 25,000 other Tridium systems they’ve found
connected to the internet are likely unpatched and just as vulnerable as
Google’s system.
“Even though Tridium fixed [the vulnerability], it doesn’t mean their
customers are implementing [the patch]” he says. A large control system
vendor once told him that fewer than one-tenth of one percent of
customers downloaded patches when the company provided them.
“The contractors and integrators are deploying these things in this
insecure fashion,” Rios says. “It’s a perfect storm. The end user
doesn’t realize these things are in their networks and that their
buildings are exposed to the internet.”